Written by: Paul Chadwick, Savannah Simons, Triona Pender
About the Paris Peace Forum
In November 2021 the partnership between ActionAid Ireland and the UCL Centre for Behaviour Change was recognised as a project of excellence by the Paris Peace Forum. Triona Pender, Head of Programmes, ActionAid Ireland and Dr. Paul Chadwick, Deputy Director, Centre for Behaviour Change were invited, as one of a handful of projects, to present their work at the annual conference of the Forum. The Paris Peace Forum was initiated by French President Emmanuel Macron. The aim is to revive collective governance, international cooperation, norms and institutions for pressing global issues. Its annual conference recognises projects of excellence globally. One of the key themes of the 2021 conference is Achieving Equality Between Women and Men.
The Paris Peace Forum Presentation
The presentation focused on adapting and applying a behaviour change model to safeguarding women against increased risk of gender-based violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented impact on the way people live their lives. As well as the obvious and devastating effects on health there have been other less visible, but equally important impacts. One of these has been the sharp rise in violence against women and girls – a secondary pandemic of gender-based violence affecting women in all communities, but particularly those in marginalised communities in low- and middle-income countries.
The UCL Centre for Behaviour Change and ActionAid Ireland have been developing an approach to reducing gender-based violence and increasing economic independence of women in a Women’s Rights Programme operational in Ethiopia, Kenya and Nepal since 2017. This work is funded by Irish Aid, Department of Foreign Affairs. The approach is based on the simple but powerful COM-B model which outlines the three necessary conditions for behaviour; capability, opportunity and motivation. The approach integrates the Behaviour Change Wheel framework (Michie et al, 2014) within an adaptive model. The result is an innovative approach to programme implementation. It supports development practitioners to work in the heart of communities. We are developing a deep understanding of the root causes of violence. And working collaboratively with community members to develop co-ordinated interventions to bring about transformative change. The approach is described in detail here.
COVID-19 and increased gender based violence
The onset of COVID-19 and the mitigation strategies used to prevent its spread fundamentally shifted many aspects of the social, economic and physical aspect of women’s lives. Many of these changes increased women’s risk of experiencing gender-based violence. Figure One illustrates the pathways between COVID-19 impact and mitigation strategies and the factors increasing risk for male violence we observed in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Nepal.
Lockdowns and restrictions on movement compounded the severe poverty that exists in the marginalised communities where the programmes operate. Additionally, there was an influx of returned migrants. Many were unaware of changes in norms and attitudes discouraging male violence that our programme had helped develop. This increased pressure on families who were already struggling to feed themselves or gain access to water and health services. Rural areas suffered additional loss of income. And the stress of forced cohabitation all day increased the opportunity for and likelihood of violence.
In addition to this, lockdown-imposed restrictions on the delivery of community services led to reduced access to informal and formal support structures. This contributed to a breakdown of the system for reporting and managing cases of male violence. There were increases in coercive control over resources that might enable women to report and receive support (e.g. men controlling women’s access to phones). In addition, there was an increase in behaviours that exposed women to risk (e.g. walking long distances) due to collapses in infrastructure (e.g. access to water). The stresses of increased financial hardship and loss also created an emotional tinderbox in which men, responding to a sense of frustration and lack of control over their own lives, sought to reassert a sense of control through the abusive expression of power over women and children.
Responding to COVID-19 with Behaviour Change
By the time COVID-19 arrived, colleagues in Ethiopia, Kenya and Nepal had been using a behaviour change approach for some time. In terms of the COM-B model, COVID-19 and its mitigation strategies had primarily (but not exclusively) shifted the opportunities that increased the expression of gender-based violence in marginalised communities. Using this understanding, country teams were able to apply the Behaviour Change Wheel approach to develop and implement a series of tailored interventions. These interventions addressed key influences on behaviours leading to male violence.
Interventions included:
- Increasing access to water and other basic necessities for life to reduce pressure and exposure to behaviours leading to risk
- Informing people about COVID-19 prevention via posters in local languages, which were found to be more effective than radio broadcasts
- Tackling the lack of support infrastructure by increasing women’s access through use of mobile technology (WhatsApp). As a result, women were enabled to report cases of violence remotely. We provided additional gender-based violence focal points in villages to support this response.
- Implementing a behaviourally-informed education intervention targeting the behaviours of young men to address the issue of cyber violence. This was particularly affecting women in Nepal.
- Interventions to adapt existing and create new livelihoods. For example as soap making, a commodity that was in high demand, to relieve financial pressure.
- Putting pressure on duty bearers to proactively engage and prosecute instances of abuse when they become aware of them. The community used social media to share stories of inaction. This increased pressure to address the breakdown in the gender-based violence support and case reporting systems.
- Encouraging men to role model behaviour and to maintain unpaid care work support behaviours.
The Shadow Pandemic
It is now well recognised that women have shouldered the greatest share of the burdens associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. And this is particularly so for marginalised women in low- and middle-income countries. Initiatives to curb one pandemic inadvertently created the conditions for a shadow pandemic of male violence to take hold and spread. The long-term implications of this are not yet known. However, the use of a behaviour approach allowed us to rapidly assess the impact of the developing situation. And respond in ways that brought together the economic, health and rights-based elements of a response, whilst simultaneously promoting women’s participation and rights as equal citizens.
For further information on this work please contact Paul Chadwick (p.chadwick@ucl.ac.uk, Twitter: @drpaulchadwick) or Triona Pender (Triona.pender@actionaid.org, Twitter: @triona_sarah)
Read more about the Paris Peace Forum here.
The heading image is a screenshot from the Paris Peace Forum event featuring speakers: Lisa Davis, Senior Legal Advisor. MADRE; Shmyla Khan, Director of Research & Policy, Digital Rights Foundation; Heloise Onumba-Bessonnet, Cheffe du project RECREATION, LOBA; and Triona Pender, Head of Programmes, ActionAid Ireland; and of Moderator Kathrin Lorenz, Director of Governance & Conflict, Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur International Zusammenarbeit.
